What toxic herb was once eaten in spring?
By Chelsie Vandaveer
July 28, 2003
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Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana Linnaeus) is a highly toxic herbaceous plant native to eastern North America. It contains phytolaccatoxin which causes immediate effects: vomiting, diarrhea, vertigo, stupor, convulsions, and death. According to Lewis and Elvin-Lewis, the plant including ripe berries contains phytolaccigenin, a triterpene saponin causing "severe gastrointestinal disturbances...weakened pulse and respiration...death occurs if the dose is sufficient." Pokeweed has a third toxin, a lectin called PWM (pokeweed mitogen). It binds to ß-D-acetylglucosamine, a surface glycoprotein on B and T lymphocytes "causing serious blood aberrations." (Medical Botany, Plants affecting Man's Health, W.H. Lewis and M.P.F. Elvin-Lewis, Wiley and Sons, 1977)
It is thought that the use of pokeweed as a potherb was introduced to colonists by Native Americans. The tender leaves and shoots in early spring were cooked with at least two changes of water and eaten as "poke sallet". The pot liquor poured off twice insured that most of pokeweed's primary toxin, phytolaccatoxin, was gone. Probably any vitamins and nutrients present were gone also.
Pokeweed once had its advocates. It was used to bring on emesis (vomiting) and purging (severe laxative effect). In Native American culture, this may well have been part of a ritual. The action was slow to start and, according to Charles F. Millspaugh, required a dose of opium to cease the effect. Pokeweed berries were said to bring relief to those suffering from rheumatism caused by syphilis or gonorrhea.
Millspaugh wrote, "The root with lard was...an...ointment for the cure of many forms of skin diseases, notably: psoriasis, eczema capitis, and tinea circinata....and a...poultice to cause rapid suppuration of felons (infections around the finger or toe nails)."
Millspaugh admits to eating poke shoots "if gathered early [in the season] and discriminately", but halted at consuming the berries. "I noted in my readings several years ago that the berries had been used for pies by frugal housewives, and often since have half determined to try poke-berry pastry; discretion has, however, always overruled valor, and the much-thought-of pie is still unmade and uneaten." (American Medicinal Plants, Charles F. Millspaugh, 1892, reprinted 1974, Dover Publications)
Pokeweed contains dangerous toxins; there are simply NO benefits to consuming or using pokeweed topically. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center has an excellent health advisory page about pokeweed. To learn more, click on the link:
http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/11571.cfm?RecordID=504&tab=HC
killerPlants Tendrils: ~~1~~2~~3~~4~~5~~
Suggested Reading:
What was spirit weed? Herbal Folklore - October 11, 2004
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Castor Bean Plant (Ricinus communis) Plant of the Week - February 9, 2004
What weed can kill humans who do not eat it? Weird Plants - August 29, 2002
What berry made sauce for the goose? Herbal Folklore - March 1, 2004
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Pixwell Gooseberry: Big green berries ripen to pale pink, for tempting pies and preserves. Bears fruit the second year, yields 4-6 quarts a year at maturity. Easy to pick, withstands drought.
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Comments: Excellent berry size, largest of all. Lovely fall foliage. Bright white flowers in the spring. Highest of all in Vitamin C. Excellent pollinator for other elderberries. Can bear as early as the second year. Last to ripen.
The elderberry has been used for myriad medicinal purposes for millennia. The berries and flowers are used in home-made wines. Dried elderberries and their blossoms are used in tea, which reputedly helps to reduce fever and improve digestion. The fruit is high in vitamin C. The flower-tops possess a mild floral flavor and are often used in pancakes, or dipped in batter & fried.
The Joy of Cooking recommends combining the fruit with rhubarb in cooking (it also recommends cooking the flowers with gooseberries).
The American goldfinch, brown thrasher, gray catbird, northern mockingbird, and yellow warbler nest in elderberries (Ortho: 32-33). The berries are eaten by the pileated woodpecker, mockingbird, gray catbird, brown thrasher, American robin, bluebird, thrush, cedar waxwing, northern and orchard orioles, tanager, black-headed and evening grosbeaks. Butterflies visit elderberry flowers for the nectar.
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