What was the scarlet of the Aztecs?
By Chelsie Vandaveer
July 24, 2002
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When the Spanish arrived at the homeland of the Aztec, they were amazed at the quality and colors of the textiles. Europe had red dyes--madder root, lichen, and the kermes insect from oaks--but nothing as intensely colored as the scarlet of the Aztec. The Aztec called their dye, nocheztli, for it lived on the divine cactus, teo-nochtli (Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck).
To the Spanish, these unprocessed dried insects appeared to be seeds; they called it grana cochinilla [grah' nah co che nee' ya]. This misnomer was perpetuated back in
Europe, spying for economic gain was big business and explorers snooping around New Spain were seeking grain or seeds which produced such a brilliant red.
Nocheztli or cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa, Order: Homoptera) is a scale which feeds on the cacti, Nopalea and Opuntia. Soon after hatching, the males metamorphose into tiny winged creatures. They lack mouthparts and die within a week of growing wings. They exist solely to breed and perpetuate the population.
The female nymphs or crawlers attach to the pencas (cladodes or cactus pads) and begin feeding. Females retain their nymph-like form, growing to 3 to 6 millimeters (1/8 to 1/4 inch) in length. They secrete a waxy coating which serves to protect them from dehydration and predators. The wax gives them a mealybug-like appearance. Females may live up to three years under their house of wax or until they lay eggs.
Female cochineal produce carminic acid which is the source of the dye, carmine. Carminic acid is bitter and probably evolved to deter predation. Cochineal have no known parasites, but are preyed upon by a moth caterpillar (Laetilia coccidivora) which is carnivorous. The caterpillar stores the carminic acid in its intestine and sprays it defensively against ants.
Arizona Cactus Sales has a photograph of an Opuntia infested with the cochineal scale. To view the photograph, click on the link:
http://www.arizonacactussales.com/tips/cochineal.htm
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killerPlants Tendrils: ~~1~~2~~3~~4~~5~~
Suggested Reading:
What Aztec insect was worth its weight in gold? Plants that Changed History - July 23, 2002
What was the scarlet of the Aztecs? Renfield's Garden - July 24, 2002
How did Aztecs cure fear? Herbal Folklore - September 30, 2002
Why were Celtic warriors blue? Plants that Changed History - April 8, 2003
What plant colored a rebellion? Plants that Changed History - February 4, 2003
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'Rayas y Cuadros', Zapotec rug
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Zapotec rugs are hand-woven by a "Community of Weavers" in Teotitlan del Valle, located in the high valley of Oaxaca. The weaving tradition in Teotitlan del Valle goes back to pre-Hispanic times when its citizens had to pay tribute to the Aztecs in the form of cloth. The community has developed this woven art form throughout the centuries, improving style, color, and design.
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This exquisite example features red, white, and black stripes in traditional Zapotec style. Made of 100% virgin wool dyed using only natural dyes, it makes a dramatic addition to any contemporary interior.
Professional drycleaning is recommended. Rayos y cuadros is Spanish for "stripes and squares." You save 48%
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Amethyst and turquoise necklace,
'Days of Sun'
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An exclusive design by Alicia de la Paz, this spectacular collection recalls the grandeur of the Aztecs. Glistening amethyst and turquoise gems fall delicately on ornate sterling encasings, creating an accessory of genuine beauty. You save 65%
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The Alicia de la Paz Victory necklace that I ordered is simply one of the most beautiful silver pieces I've ever had the pleasure of giving to my wife. The artistry is timeless, and at the price, I consider it an absolute steal! As others have mentioned, pictures simply do not do justice to this artist's work. I was even astonished at the weight of this necklace. Clearly, she is a designer with true artistic vision. Thank you Senora de la Paz
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Amethyst and turquoise earrings,
'Days of Sun'
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An exclusive design by Alicia de la Paz, this spectacular collection recalls the grandeur of the Aztecs. Glistening amethyst and turquoise gems fall delicately on ornate sterling encasings, creating an accessory of genuine beauty. You save 56%
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I LOVE Novica. It is not just love. It is LOVE. I spread the word. I tell my coworkers. I can't believe we have this place where we can buy incredible works of art at such great prices and do so much good at the same time. I LOVE it. And, of course, another satisfied purchase -- my latest jewelry from Alicia de la Paz is a true treasure! Breathtaking!
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Alpaca wool poncho, 'Rainbow Rays'
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Elegant in autumn hues, this cloak is styled after the ponchos worn in the Andean highlands. The versatile accessory features a round neck and an ornate band reminiscent of ancestral glory. Nestor Yana knits this piece using alpaca wool, renowned for its soft texture and cozy warmth.
Alpaca wool was once reserved to dress Inca emperors - ideal to withstand freezing Andean temperatures while being of relatively light weight. Yana preserves tradition, by designing contemporary clothing accessories in colors preferred by the Incas.
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Yana designs and creates a variety of garments, including cloaks, sweaters and ponchos; each piece showcases the unique attributes of alpaca wool. Alpacas are members of the camelid family; they are about the size of a pony and live up to 20 years. They make good and loyal pets. In fact, many owners say they are just like man's best friend. They are gentle and enjoy hugging. Alpacas are sometimes used as "therapy animals" in schools and hospitals. They do not bite but will occasionally spit when annoyed, though rarely at people. Pregnant alpacas are easily annoyed with the male, and will spit at him to go away.
Because of their value, alpacas are carefully protected and they are shorn only once a year – each alpaca can produce enough fiber for up to eight sweaters.
The Incas gave the alpaca an important place in society and religion; alpaca fiber was so highly treasured it was reserved for Inca royalty.
Although alpaca wool is produced in less quantity per year than cashmere, it is considered a luxury fiber because it is as soft as cashmere and has the luster of silk. It is as durable as wool, and the fleece is extraordinarily light and warm – in fact it is reported that alpaca wool is five times warmer than sheep's wool! Reason being the fiber is semi-hollow and curly, thus creating microscopic air pockets that are ideal for insulation. Any garment made with alpaca fibers is certain to preserve its appearance over time.
The fashion industry considers alpaca wool to be one of the most exclusive of fibers. It is so versatile it is used in the creation of tweeds and fine gabardines. Alpaca fiber is naturally water resistant and wrinkles less than wool, which makes it ideal for travel. Compared to wool, alpaca fibers are stronger, resilient and of good elasticity.
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