How did an orchid 'shape' a prediction?
By Chelsie Vandaveer
December 17, 2003
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The star-of-Bethlehem or comet orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale Thouars) is a native of Madagascar. The orchid comes into bloom starting in December. The comet orchid is phalenophilus [fal en of' e lus], "moth-loving", the waxy white flowers are scentless during the day and both highly visible and
fragrant after dark to attract the night-flyers.
Each flower has a remarkable spur or nectary up to 30 centimeters (12 inches) long, but only the tip of the spur contains nectar. In 1862, Charles Darwin wrote to Joseph Hooker, musing on what could suck the nectar from such a flower. Darwin predicted an insect with an extremely long proboscis would be discovered and that it would be the major pollinator of the orchid.
In 1856, a sphinx moth was discovered in southeastern Africa. It was named Macrosila morgani, Morgan's sphinx moth. But no one associated the moth on the continent of Africa with the orchid on Madagascar.
Charles Darwin died in 1882. Twenty-one years after his death, a subspecies of Morgan's sphinx moth was discovered on the island. And it fit Darwin's prediction having a proboscis long enough to reach into the tip of the orchid's nectary. In 1903, the moth's genus was reclassified to Xanthopan; the 'predicted' Madagascan moth was named Xanthopan morgani subspecies praedicta.
The Royal Botanic Garden, Kew has a drawing of the unique comet orchid. To view the drawing, click on the link:
http://www.kew.org/exhibitions/johnday/pages/jds_16_039.html
(Compiled from: Orchids, their Botany and Culture, Alex D. Hawkes, Harper and Row Publishers, 1961; A History of the Orchid, Merle A. Reinikka, Timber Press, 1995; and the Darwin Correspondence Online Database, University of Cambridge.)
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Galapagos: Beyond Darwin DVD
Discovery Channel®
Takes a scientific and photographic look at marine and terrestrial life of the Galapagos Islands. The inspiration behind Charles Darwin's boldest theories of evolution, the Galapagos Islands may be more provocative than Darwin originally expected.
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Blue Planet DVD Set
Discovery Channel®
Five years in the making, with a budget of over $10 million, Blue Planet: Seas of Life is the most comprehensive series of the Earth's oceans to date. Plunge into the mysterious deep with eight, full-length episodes from the highly acclaimed series. Join Pierce Brosnan and Sir David Attenborough as they lead an unprecedented exploration of the ocean, exposing stories of survival against the odds and revealing new species, habitats and behaviors never before caught on camera.
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The Real Eve DVD
Discovery Channel Store®
Narrated by actor Danny Glover, "The Real Eve" reveals that our shared genetic heritage links every living person on earth and traces the expansion of modern humans throughout the world. The discovery of the Eve gene stunned the world. It seems we could all be descended from just a few females – or even just one.
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In the Footsteps of Eve
National Geographic®
For Lee Berger, a young American scientist, the story began in 1989 when he first encountered the rich fossil fields of South Africa. Later, along the limestone-rich shores of a South African lagoon, Berger first discovered the unmistakable fossilized footprints of a modern female human. The monumental surprise—and the impetus for this enthralling narrative—comes when Berger realizes that the prints are at least 117,000 years old. Immersing himself in the controversial debate on human evolution, Berger's In the Footsteps of Eve establishes a new view of our origins.
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